Contents Chapter 1 Introduction: why study the city planning in Taiwan during the Qing Dynasty 001 1.1 Significance of Taiwan in the Chinese city planning system 002 1.2 Review and comparison of relevant research 004 1.2.1 Relevant research in Taiwan 004 1. Research history 004 2. Main topics 006 3. Features and problems 012 1.2.2 Relevant research in Chinese mainland 013 1. Research history 013 2. Research from the architecture and urban planning field 014 3. Research from the history field 014 4. Features and problems 015 1.2.3 Comparison and Reflection 016 1.3 Contents and structure of this book 017 1.3.1 Research contents 017 1.3.2 Research materials 017 1.3.3 Structure of this book 019 Chapter 2 Developing process: three periods of administrative division and city establishment 021 2.1 Early period (1683-1722): initiating the city system with its center in the south 022 2.1.1 Setting up prefecture and counties to consolidate the frontier 023 2.1.2 Occupying half territory with the focus in the south 025 2.1.3 Bustling prefecture city and empty county cities 029 2.1.4 Debating on increasing armed force in the north 031 2.2 Middle period (1723-1874): extending northward along the coastline 032 2.2.1 Setting up Changhua County and Tamsui County to develop the north 033 2.2.2 Controlling frontiers by establishing Xunjian agencies 034 2.2.3 Setting up Komalan County to reclaim the Houshan area 036 2.2.4 Population, economy, and security defense in this period 038 2.3 Late period (1875-1895): covering the entire island and going deep into the mountains 048 2.3.1 Setting up a new country in the south to prevent foreign countries from coveting 048 2.3.2 Setting up new prefecture and counties in the northern and mountainous area 052 2.3.3 Establishing Taiwan Province and siting the provincial city 053 2.3.4 Provincial planning and new constructions 057 2.4 Development characteristics and driving factors 061 2.4.1 Stimulations from internal uprisings and external invasions 061 2.4.2 Constraints of the natural environment and topography 063 2.4.3 Requirements for governing multiple ethnic groups 066 2.4.4 Impetus of exploiting natural resources 068 Chapter 3 Siting modes: from the Piedmont Mode to the Basin Mode (I) 071 3.1 Topography and city site selection modes in Taiwan 072 3.2 Typical cases of city site selection and landscape pattern construction of Piedmont Mode 074 3.2.1 Chulo city: sitting in the central highland, surrounded by mountains 074 1. Initial cognition of the natural environment 074 2. Planning the city and constructing its landscape pattern 075 3. Investigation and interpretation of the historical landscape pattern of Chulo city 080 3.2.2 Changhua city: a hundred-year planning and construction from a fort to a city 083 1. Banxian camp, the midpoint from Taiwan city to the north 083 2. Three phases of the city planning 084 3. Three phases of interaction between the city and the Bagua mountain 089 4. Investigation and interpretation of the historical landscape pattern of Changhua city ... 094 3.2.3 Tamsui city: planning and construction collaboration between the authority and community 097 1. Initial planning of a bamboo city near an existing village 097 2. Upgrading to a brick city with joint efforts from the authority and community 099 3. Reshaping the city’s landscape pattern under geomancers’ guidance 100 4. Investigation and interpretation of the historical landscape pattern of Tamsui city 105 3.2.4 Komalan city: sitting in the center of the basin and facing the south 107 1. From Ha-zai-nan to Ko-ma-lan 107 2. Siting and planning the city 108 3. Debating on the landscape pattern and city orientation 110 4. Investigation and interpretation of the historical landscape pattern of Komalan city 113 3.2.5 Fengshan city: shifting and creating between two sites 115 1. Siting and planning the old city 116 2. Building the city wall and constructing the landscape pattern 117 3. Relocating the city and creating new landscape pattern 122 4. The underlying causes of city site shifting 125 3.2.6 The common features of city planning in Piedmont Mode cases 127 Chapter 4 Siting modes: from the Piedmont Mode to the Basin Mode (II) 131 4.1 Typical cases of city site selection and landscape pattern construction of Basin Mode 132 4.1.1 Hengchun city: a basin at the southern end of Taiwan island 132 1. Building a new city at the southern end 132 2. Surveying the terrain and constructing the landscape pattern 135 3. Planning the city in response to the topographic feature 138 4.1.2 Pulishe city: a unique open site in central mountain range 140 1. The Puli basin 141 2. Siting a new city for Pulishe County 142 3. Planning the city in response to the topographic feature 145 4.1.3 Taipei city: a grand basin at the northern end 149 1. Discovering the basin: from edge to center 149 2. Siting a new city for Taipei prefecture 151 3. Adjusting the plan to match the spatial order of the topography 154 4.1.4 Taiwan city: in the center of jurisdiction, in the middle of the landscape 157 1. Siting the provincial city in the basin 157 2. Settlements and landscape cognition before setting up the new prefecture 160 3. Planning the city in response to the topographic feature 162 4.1.5 The common features of city planning in Basin Mode cases 163 4.2 Some regularities in city siting and landscape pattern construction 165 4.2.1 The elements and composition of city landscape pattern: visible and perceptible parts 165 1. The visible part of city landscape pattern 165 2. The perceptible part of city landscape pattern 166 4.2.2 The construction procedure of city landscape pattern: substantial and textual construction 168 1. Substantial construction ahead of textual construction 168 2. Substantial construction synchronized with textual construction 170 3. Substantial construction without textual construction 171 4.2.3 The planners and knowledge in city landscape pattern construction: professional theory and common sense 172 4.2.4 The purpose and significance of city landscape pattern construction: practicality and symbolism 173 Chapter 5 Elements and sequence: allocation, priority, and preference 175 5.1 Spatial elements and study methodology 176 5.2 Planning and construction sequence of the government offices 177 5.2.1 Within 1 to 5 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 179 5.2.2 Immediately after setting up the prefectures and counties 180 5.2.3 Long delay after setting up the prefectures and counties 180 5.3 Planning and construction sequence of the city walls 182 5.3.1 More than 10 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 184 5.3.2 Within 1 to 5 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 186 5.3.3 Immediately after setting up the prefectures and counties 186 5.4 Planning and construction sequence of the official schools 188 5.4.1 Immediately after setting up the prefectures and counties 189 5.4.2 Within 1 to 5 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 191 5.4.3 More than 10 years after setting up the prefectures and counties 192 5.5 Planning and construction sequence of the offi altars and temples 194 5.5.1 The City-God Temple 194 5.5.2 The Altar of Land & Grain and the Altar of Mountain & River 199 5.5.3 The Altar of malevolent spirits 200 5.6 Planning and construction sequence among the four types of elements 201 5.6.1 Significance and priority of the government offices 201 5.6.2 Significance and priority of the city walls 203 5.6.3 Significance and priority of the official schools 205 5.6.4 Significance and sequence preference of the official altars and temples 206 5.7 Phased characteristics of planning and construction sequence 207 5.7.1 Phased characteristics of cities established in the early and middle periods 207 5.7.2 Phased characteristics of cities established in the late period 209 Chapter 6 Two provincial cities: the last examples of Chinese classical planning tradition 213 6.1 Planning and construction process of two provincial cities 214 6.1.1 Planning and construction process of Taipei city 214 6.1.2 Planning and construction process of Taichung city 217 6.2 Siting and planning ideas and methods of two provincial cities 222 6.2.1 Searching for the center of both the jurisdiction and topography 222 6.2.2 Sizing the city according to its hierarchy 229 6.2.3 Shaping the city with ideal geometry 230 6.2.4 Aligning the city’s orientation with the topography 234 6.2.5 Allocating functional facilities and spatial elements 236 6.2.6 Guiding private planning and construction through regulations 238 6.3 Representativeness and particularity of the two planning cases 239 6.3.1 Comparison with planning cases in the same region 239 6.3.2 Comparison with planning cases in the same era 240 6.3.3 Typical cases in Chinese classical planning tradition 241 Chapter 7 Regulations and variations in premodern Chinese city planning 243 7.1 Taiwan’s significance in Chinese city planning history 244 7.1.1 The fi group of examples of the two-thousand-year city planning tradition 244 7.1.2 An exploratory practice of city system planning at the provincial level 245 7.1.3 The last provincial city with new siting and planning in premodern China 246 7.1.4 Typical cases in the history of Chinese frontier settlements development 247 7.2 Regulations and variations in city planning practice of Qing Taiwan 248 7.2.1 Regulations and variations in landscape pattern construction 248 7.2.2 Regulations and variations in elements allocation and planning sequence 251 7.2.3 Regulations and variations in provincial city planning 254 7.2.4 Regulations and variations in human settlements development 256 References 259 Index 269 Acknowledgment 273
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