1.1 What is analytical chemistry 1.2 Measurement of the analyte 1.3 Range 1.4 The analytical perspective 2.1 Determinate errors 2.2 Indeterminate errors 2.3 Accuracy and precision 2.3.1 Ways of expressing accuracy 2.3.2 Ways of expressing precision 2.4 The distribution of measurements and results 2.4.1 Populations and samples 2.4.2 Probability distributions for populations 2.4.3 Confidence intervals for populations 2.4.4 Probability distributions for samples 2.5 Confidence intervals for samples 2.6 Rejection of a result 2.7 Significant figures 2.7.1 Multiplication and division 2.7.2 Addition and subtraction 2.7.3 Logarithms 2.8Rounding off 本章小結(jié) PROBLEMS 3.1 General principles 3.1.1 Titration 3.1.2 Standard solutions 3.1.3 Classification of volumetric methods 3.2 Titer 本章小結(jié) 4.1 Aqueous Acid?Base Theories 4.2 Acid?Base Equilbria in Water 4.3 The pH Scale 4.3.1 Proton Balance Equation 4.3.2 Weak Acids and Bases 4.3.3 Salts of Weal Acids and Bases 4.3.4 Polyprotic Acids and Their Salts 4.3.5 Buffers 4.4 Fraction of Dissociating Species at a Given pH：αValues 本章小結(jié) PROBLEMS 5.1 Strong acid strong base 5.2 Detection of the end point:indicators 5.3 Acid versus base 5.3.1 Weak acid versus strong base 5.3.2 Titration of polyprotic acid 5.3.3 Mixtures of acid or base 5.4 Preparation of standard base solutions 5.5 Preparation of standard acid solutions 本章小結(jié) PROBLEMS 6.1 Complexes:formation constants 6.2 Chelates：EDTA 6.2.1 Metal?EDTA formation constants 6.2.2 EDTA is a weak acid 6.2.3 The formation constant 6.2.4 EDTA must compete with other ligands 6.3 EDTA titration curves 6.3.1 Calculating the titration curve 6.4 Detection of the end point：indicators 6.5 High purity EDTA 6.6 Fraction of dissociating species in polyligand complexes:βvalues 本章小結(jié) PROBLEMS 7.1 Principles 7.2 Electrochemical cells 7.3 The Nernst equation 7.4 Calculation of the equilibrium constant of a reaction 7.5 Titration curves 7.6 Detection of the end point 7.6.1 Self?indication7 7.6.2 Starch indicator 7.6.3 Redox indictors 7.7 Formal potential 7.7.1 Dependence of potential on pH 7.7.2 Dependence of potential on complexation 7.8 Limitations of electrode potentials 7.9 Tetrations involving lodine：iodimetry and iodometry 7.9.1 Iodimetry 7.9.2 Iodometry 7.1 0Titrations with oxidizing agents 7.1 1Titration with reducing agents 7.1 2Preparation of the analyte solution 本章小結(jié) PROBLEMS 8.1 Effect of acidity on solubility of precipitates91 8.2 Precipitation titrations93 8.2.1 Titration curves93 8.2.2 Detection of the end point: indicators95 本章小結(jié)98 PROBLEMS99 9.1 Precipitation equilibria: the solubility product 9.2 The diverse ion effect on solubility：Ksp 9.3 Unit operations in gravimetric analysis 9.3.1 Steps of gravimetric analysis 9.3.2 Conditions for analytical precipitation 9.3.3 Digestion of the precipitate 9.3.4 Impurities in precipitates 9.3.5 Washing and filtering the precipitates 9.3.6 Drying or igniting the precipitate 9.3.7 Homogeneous precipitation 9.4 Examples of gravimetric analysis 本章小結(jié) PROBLEMS 10.1 What is electromagnetic radiation 10.1.1 Wave properties of electromagnetic radiation 10.1.2 Particle properties of electromagnetic radiation 10.2 Spectroscopy based on absorption 10.2.1 Absorbance of electromagnetic radiation 10.2.2 UV/Vis spectra for molecules and ions 10.3 Transmittance and absorbance118 10.4 Absorbance and concentration: Beer’s law 10.5 Beer’s law and multicomponent samples 10.6 Limitations to Beer’s law 10.6.1 Foundamental limitations to Beer’s law 10.6.2 Chemical limitations to Beer’s law 10.6.3 Instrumental limitations to Beer’s law 本章小結(jié) PROBLEMS 11.1 Classifying separation techniques 11.1.1 Separation by precipitation 11.1.2 Extraction between two phases 11.1.3 Liquid?liquid extractions 11.2 Partition coefficients and distribution rations 本章小結(jié) 12.1 Air analysis 12.1.1 Air sample collection 12.1.2 Air sample analysis 12.2 Water analysis 12.2.1 Sampling of water 12.2.2 Analysis of water samples
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