中文概要 Abstract List of Figures List of Tables Chapter One: Background Background of the Problem Statement of the Purpose Research Questions Key Terms Summary and Overview Chapter Two: Review of Literature Social Constructivist Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Scaffolding Engagement in Historical Empathy Discussion in Social Studies Classrooms Teacher Questioning Classroom Discourse, Learning Relationships, and StudentAgency Summary Chapter Three: Method Participants and Settings Research Design Research Rigor Summary Chapter Four: Results & Findings Research Question 1 : What learning relationships were created bythe teachers across the group to coordinate studentparticipation? Research Question 2 : What questioning strategies did the teachersuse to help their students with their argumentation? Research Question 3 : How did the teachers attempt to encouragestudents to address different perspectives'? Research Question 4 : Given the data, what discourse strategies canbe characterized as the teachers' attempts to cultivate caring intheir students? Summary Chapter Five: Discussion & Conclusion A Review of Findings A Discussion of Scaffolding Caring as Empathy in Deliberation Comparison and Contrast between Deliberative Discussion andSocratic Discussion Implications of the Study Limitations of the Study Future Directions for Research Conclusion References Footnotes Appendix A: PIH Project prelesson interview questions Appendix B: PIH Project postlesson interview questions Appendix C: Transcription conventions
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