This book is a self-contained introduction to language and linguistics. suitable for use as a textbook and for self-study. Written by a team of distinguished linguists， it offers a unified approach to language from several perspectives. A language is a complex structure represented in the minds of its speakers， and this book provides the tools necessary for understanding this structure， It explains basic concepts and recent theoretical ideas in the major aresa of linguistics （phonetics， phonology， morphology， syntax and semantics）， as well as the applications of these to the study of child laguage acquisition， psycholinguistics， language disorders and sociolinguistics. The book is divided into three parts： sounds， words and sentences. In each of these parts， the foundational concepts are introduced along with their applications in the above fields. giving this book a clear and unique structure. Each section is accompanied by extensive exercises and guidance on further reading. The authors all teach at the department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex， Andrew Radford is the author of four best-selling textbooks： Transformational Syntax（1981），Transformational Grammar（1988），Syntax（1997）and Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English （1997）， all published by Cambridge Uniersity Press. Martin Atkinson is the author of Explanations in Child Language Acquisition（1982）， Children's Syntax（1992）and Foundations of General Linguistics（With D.Kilby and 1. Roca， 1988）.David Britain has published articles in Language in Society and Language Variation and Change. Harald Clahsen has written a number of books and articles on child language acquisition， developmental language disorders and the acquisition of German as a second language. Andrew Spencer is the author of Morphological Theory（1991）and Phonology （4996）and has contributed to the Handbook of Morphology and the Handbook of Linguistics. This intoduction， by some of today's most distinguished linguists， should rapidly become the market leader. lnstead of offering the usual catalogue of unconnected topics， the authors of this intoduction cover each of the major areas of language-sounds， words and sentences-from several viewpoints at once， giving a unified account of the field with unparalleled clarity and elegance. Each section is complemented by exercises which are at once challenging， illuninating and entertaining.' Neil Smith. University College London
作者簡介
暫缺《語言學(xué)教程》作者簡介
圖書目錄
Preface by Halliday F11 王宗炎序 F12 導(dǎo)讀 F15 List of figures F25 List of maps F27 List of tables F28 A note for course organisers and class teachers on the use of this book F30 Introduction 1 Linguistics 3 Developmental linguistics Psycholinguistics 10 Neurolinguistics 12 Sociolinguistics 16 Exercises 19 Further reading and references 24 Part I Sounds 25 1 Introduction 27 Sounds and suprasegmentals 29 Consonants 31 Vowels 39 Suprasegmentals 45 Exercises 49 Sound variation 52 Linguistic variables and sociological variables 52 Stylistic variation 57 Linguistically determined variation 58 Variation and language change 61 Exercises 62 4 Sound change 66 Consonant change 66 Vowel change 69 The transition problem: regular sound change versus lexical diffusion 73 Suprasegmental change 76 Exercises 78 Phonemes, syllables and phonological processes 84 Phonemes 84 Syllables 88 Syllabification and the Maximal Onset Principle 91 Phonological processes 92 Phonological features 95 Features and processes 97 Exercises 101 6 Child phonology 105 Early achievements 105 Phonological processes in acquisition 106 Perception, production and a dual lexicon model 110 Exercises 117 Processing sounds 120 Speech perception 120 Speech production 125 Other aspects of phonological processing 130 Exercises 133 Further reading and references 135 Appendix 1: The International Phonetic Alphabet 137 Appendix 2: List of distinctive features 138 Appendix 3: Distinctive feature matrix for English consonant phonemes 141 Part 2 Words 143 8 Introduction 145 Word classes 147 Lexical categories 147 Functional categories 150 The morphological properties of English verbs 153 Inflectional classes in Italian and Russian 156 Exercises 160 10 Building words 162 Morphemes 162 Morphological processes - derivation and inflection 165 Compounds 171 Clitics 173 Allomorphy 175 Exercises 177 11 Morphology across languages 180 The agglutinative ideal 180 Types of morphological operations 186 Exercises 190 12 Word meaning 193 Entailment and hyponymy 194 Meaning opposites 199 Semantic features 200 Dictionaries and prototypes 204 Exercises 207 13 Children and words 211 Early words - a few facts 211 Apprentices in morphology 214 The semantic significance of early words 218 Exercises 223 14 Lexicai processing and the mental lexicon 226 Serial-autonomous versus parallel-interactive processing models 226 On the representation of words in the mental lexicon 232 Exercises 240 15 Lexical disorders 243 Words and morphemes in aphasia 244 Agrammatism 245 Paraphasias 248 Dissociations in SLI subjects'' inflectional systems 250 Exercises 252 16 Lexical variation and change 254 Borrowing words 254 Register: words for brain surgeons and soccer players, hairdressers and life- savers 256 Biscuit or cookie Variation and change in word choice 257 Same word - new meaning 260 Variation and change in morphology 264 Exercises 271 Further reading and references 274 Part 3 Sentences 277 17 Introduction 279 18 Basic terminology 282 Categories and functions 282 Complex sentences 285 The functions of clauses 289 Exercises 290 19 Sentence structure 292 Merger 292 Tests for constituency 298 Constraints on merger: features and checking 300 Exercises 302 20 Empty categories 304 Empty INFL 304 PRO: the empty subject of infinitive clauses 310 Covert complements 312 Empty constituents in nominal phrases 313 Exercises 318 21 Movement 321 Head movement 322 Operator movement 325 Yes-no questions 331 Other types of movement 333 Exercises 336 22 Syntactic variation 338 Inversion in varieties of English 338 Syntactic parameters of variation 342 The null subject parameter 347 Parametric differences between English and German 349 Exercises 354 23 Logical form 357 Preliminaries 357 A philosophical diversion 359 Covert movement and Logical Form 364 More evidence for covert movement 371 Exercises 375 24 Children''s sentences 378 Setting parameters: two examples 379 Null subjects in early Child English 381 Non-finite clauses in Child English 384 Children''s nominals 389 Exercises 391 25 Sentence processing 394 Click studies 395 Processing empty categories 397 Strategies of sentence processing 399 Exercises 404 26 Syntactic disorders 406 Agrammatism 407 Paragrammatism 412 Specific Language Impairment SLI 413 Conclusion 416 Exercises 419 Further reading and references 422 Bibliography 424 Index 429 文庫索引 439
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